- WP1/2023 (71) Sabina Szymczak
SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW: THEORY ON GVCS’ IMPACT ON WAGES, EMPLOYMENT, AND PRODUCTIVITY
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Abstract: This study presents a systematic literature review (SLR) to provide a collection of theories explaining the impact of global value chains (GVCs) on labour market outcomes. Due to the complex nature of GVCs and the interconnectedness of wages, employment, and productivity, many direct and indirect effects are at play. To ensure a transparent and systematic flow of the review process, I follow the PRISMA guide. Eventually, 36 records out of 1221 results from Scopus database were selected for full-text analysis. This SLR may be useful for theorists, empirical economists, and policy makers as an up-to-date overview of theoretical developments and convenient map of potential outcomes expected from involvement in GVCs. It identifies and systematizes a number of effects existing in the literature under various names. Additionally, it shows the shortcomings of the existing theories. They often adopt the perspective of developed country trading with developing one, while nowadays the intermediate trade occurs in many forms, affecting various actors. Less aggregated levels of analysis could be a great input to the discussion, as well as addressing different GVCs’ dimensions and types of organisation. The understanding of relation between GVC position and labour market is especially worth exploration as the existing evidence adopt different and even contradicting perspectives on the definition of upgrading the GVC position.
Keywords: systematic literature review; global value chains; wage; employment; productivity
Keywords: systematic literature review; global value chains; wage; employment; productivity
- WP4/2022 (70) Zuzanna Zarach, Aleksandra Parteka
EXPORT DIVERSIFICATION AND DEPENDENCE ON NATURAL RESOURCES
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Abstract: This paper models export diversification in the context of an abundance of natural resources by decomposing the relative Theil index. On a sample of 160 countries from 1996 to 2018 we document that 74% of the high export concentration typical of the initial stage of development is driven by the limited variety of products other than natural resources. Later, the component representing export reallocation between resources and non-resource products gains importance, and eventually, together with intra-resource heterogeneity, explains the entire amount of export diversification at high income levels. Our estimates show that natural resource abundance (in particular of fossil fuels) impedes overall diversification, limiting the variety of non-resource exports and hampering restructuring towards technologically advanced exports. However, once size and productivity differences across countries are taken into account, the effect of resource abundance on export diversification is weak.
Keywords: natural resources, export diversification, Theil, decomposition
Keywords: natural resources, export diversification, Theil, decomposition
- WP3/2022 (69) Sabina Szymczak, Aleksandra Parteka, Joanna Wolszczak-Derlacz
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Abstract: The study confronts the joint effects of foreign ownership and its involvement in global value chains (GVC) on the productivity performance of firms from a catching-up country (Poland) and a leader economy (Germany). Domestic owned firms are less productive than foreign ones, which is particularly true at low GVC participation levels. However, as GVC involvement increases, the foreign ownership productivity premium decreases, leading to productivity catching up between foreign and domestic owned firms. This mechanism is similar in Poland and Germany. However, in the leader country (Germany), domestically-owned firms’ productivity performance is more stable along the GVC distribution.
Keywords: GVC, FDI, productivity, firms, Amadeus database
Keywords: GVC, FDI, productivity, firms, Amadeus database
- WP2/2022 (68) Zuzanna Zarach, Aleksandra Parteka
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Abstract: This paper compares two alternative growth paths, assessing the effects on productivity of specialisation in natural resources (NR) and in technologically advanced products. The empirical analysis exploits product-level export data for 109 developing and 51 developed economies over the period 1996-2018. We document two distinct types of specialisation, based on exports either of natural resources or of technological products, and compare their role in productivity growth by GMM estimation of a conditional convergence model. In general, reliance on natural resource exports slows growth, but we find that the type of resources exported is important: fuel exports hamper growth while specialisation in metals enhances the catch-up in productivity. Technological specialisation, especially in products typical of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, reinforces productivity growth but does not affect the relationship between resources and productivity growth.
Keywords: natural resources, technology, specialisation, productivity growth, convergence
Keywords: natural resources, technology, specialisation, productivity growth, convergence
- WP1/2022 (67) Aleksandra Parteka, Aleksandra Kordalska
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND PRODUCTIVITY: GLOBAL EVIDENCE FROM AI PATENT AND BIBLIOMETRIC DATA
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Abstract: In this paper we analyse the relationship between technological innovation in the artificial intelligence (AI) domain and productivity. We embed recently released data on patents and publications related to AI in an augmented model of productivity growth, which we estimate for the OECD countries and compare to an extended sample including non-OECD countries. Our instrumental variable estimates, which account for AI endogeneity, provide evidence in favour of the modern productivity paradox. We show that the development of AI technologies remains a niche innovation phenomenon with a negligible role in the officially recorded productivity growth process. This general result, i.e. a lack of a strong relationship between AI and macroeconomic productivity growth, is robust to changes in the country sample, in the way we quantify labour productivity and technology (including AI stock), in the specification of the empirical model (control variables) and in estimation methods.
Keywords: technological innovation, productivity paradox, productivity growth, artificial intelligence, patents
Keywords: technological innovation, productivity paradox, productivity growth, artificial intelligence, patents
- WP4/2021(66) Aleksandra Parteka, Joanna Wolszczak-Derlacz, Dagmara Nikulin
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Abstract:This paper uses a sample of over 9.5 million workers from 22 European countries to study the intertwined effects of digital technology and crossborder production links on workers’ wellbeing. We compare the social effects of technological change exhibited by three types of innovation: computerisation (software), automation (robots) and artificial intelligence (AI). To fully quantify work-related wellbeing, we propose a new methodology that corrects the information on remuneration by reference to such non-monetary factors as the work environment (physical and social), career development prospects, or work intensity. We show that workers’ wellbeing depends on the type of technological exposure. Employees in occupations with high software or robots content face worse working conditions than those exposed to AI. The impact of digitalisation on working conditions depends on participation in global production. To demonstrate this, we estimate a set of augmented models for determination of working conditions, interacting technological factors with Global Value Chain participation. GVC intensification is accompanied by deteriorating working conditions – but only in occupations exposed to robots or software, not in AI-intensive jobs. In other words, we find that AI technologies differ from previous waves of technological progress - also in their impact on workers’ wellbeing within global production structures.
Keywords: digital technologies, working conditions, GVC, Global Value Chains, artificial intelligence, AI
Keywords: digital technologies, working conditions, GVC, Global Value Chains, artificial intelligence, AI
- WP3/2021(65) Wioleta Kucharska
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Abstract
Purpose: This study aims to present the overview of intellectual capital creation micromechanisms concerning formal and informal knowledge processes. The organizational culture, transformational leadership, and innovativeness are also included in the investigation as ascendants and consequences of the focal relation of intellectual capital and knowledge processes.
Method: The empirical model was developed using the structural equation modeling (SEM) method based on a sample of 1,418 Polish knowledge workers employed in the construction, healthcare, higher education (HE), and information technology (IT) industries.
Findings: The study exposes that the essence of transformational leadership innovativeness oriented is developing all intellectual capital components. To do so, leaders must support both formal and informal knowledge processes through the organizational culture of knowledge and learning. Furthermore, for best results of the knowledge transformation into intellectual capital, the learning culture must be shaped by both components: learning climate and acceptance of mistakes.
Originality: This study presents the "big picture" of all intellectual capital creation micromechanisms linking transformational leadership with organizational innovativeness and explains the "knowledge paradox" identified by Mabey and Zhao (2017). This explanation assumes that intellectual capital components are created informally (i.e., human, and relational ones) and formally (i.e., structural ones). Therefore, for best effects, both formal and informal knowledge processes must be supported. Furthermore, this study exposes thatthe intensity of all explored micro-mechanisms is industry-specific.
Implications: Presented findings can be directly applied to organizations to enhance innovativeness. Namely, leaders who observe that the more knowledge is formally managed in their organizations, the less effective the knowledge exchange is - should put more effort into supporting informal knowledge processes to develop human and relational intellectual capital components smoothly. Shortly, leaders need to implement an authentic learning culture, including the mistakes acceptance component, to use the full organizational potential to achieve intellectual capital growth. Intellectual capital growth is essential for
innovativeness.
Keywords: learning culture, knowledge culture, transformational leadership, innovations, intellectual capital, tacit knowledge, knowledge processes, healthcare industry, higher education, IT industry, construction industry, gender studies
Purpose: This study aims to present the overview of intellectual capital creation micromechanisms concerning formal and informal knowledge processes. The organizational culture, transformational leadership, and innovativeness are also included in the investigation as ascendants and consequences of the focal relation of intellectual capital and knowledge processes.
Method: The empirical model was developed using the structural equation modeling (SEM) method based on a sample of 1,418 Polish knowledge workers employed in the construction, healthcare, higher education (HE), and information technology (IT) industries.
Findings: The study exposes that the essence of transformational leadership innovativeness oriented is developing all intellectual capital components. To do so, leaders must support both formal and informal knowledge processes through the organizational culture of knowledge and learning. Furthermore, for best results of the knowledge transformation into intellectual capital, the learning culture must be shaped by both components: learning climate and acceptance of mistakes.
Originality: This study presents the "big picture" of all intellectual capital creation micromechanisms linking transformational leadership with organizational innovativeness and explains the "knowledge paradox" identified by Mabey and Zhao (2017). This explanation assumes that intellectual capital components are created informally (i.e., human, and relational ones) and formally (i.e., structural ones). Therefore, for best effects, both formal and informal knowledge processes must be supported. Furthermore, this study exposes thatthe intensity of all explored micro-mechanisms is industry-specific.
Implications: Presented findings can be directly applied to organizations to enhance innovativeness. Namely, leaders who observe that the more knowledge is formally managed in their organizations, the less effective the knowledge exchange is - should put more effort into supporting informal knowledge processes to develop human and relational intellectual capital components smoothly. Shortly, leaders need to implement an authentic learning culture, including the mistakes acceptance component, to use the full organizational potential to achieve intellectual capital growth. Intellectual capital growth is essential for
innovativeness.
Keywords: learning culture, knowledge culture, transformational leadership, innovations, intellectual capital, tacit knowledge, knowledge processes, healthcare industry, higher education, IT industry, construction industry, gender studies
- WP2/2021(64) Wioleta Kucharska
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Abstract: In the knowledge economy era, knowledge production and dissemination are of key interest to individuals, organizations, and economies. Tacit knowledge results from experience, leading to innovation. The learning culture can facilitate the transformation of errors into experiences. This study explores whether mistake acceptance facilitates tacit knowledge awareness and sharing in the information technology, healthcare, and construction industries in Poland and the United States. The findings show the influence of mistake acceptance on knowledge production and the differences between countries and industries. The US showed a higher level of mistake acceptance, which was similar across the three industries, than did Poland, which showed differences between sectors. In general, the higher the acceptance of mistakes, the greater the effect of tacit knowledge awareness on sharing. This study shows that there is no knowledge production without learning and no learning without mistake acceptance.
Keywords: Knowledge production · Tacit knowledge awareness · Tacit knowledge sharing · Learning culture · Mistake acceptance · Error management
Keywords: Knowledge production · Tacit knowledge awareness · Tacit knowledge sharing · Learning culture · Mistake acceptance · Error management
- WP1/2021(63) Wioleta Kucharska, G. Scott Erickson
TACIT KNOWLEDGE AWARENESS AND SHARING INFLUENCE ON INNOVATION
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Abstract: This study measures the relationship between tacit knowledge and innovation in the Polish and US information technology (IT) industries. Large samples were obtained, allowing quantitative modeling not possible in many tacit knowledge studies focused on more qualitative analysis. Conceptually, the study identifies the potential sources of tacit knowledge (learning-by-doing and/or learning-byinteraction), individual tacit knowledge development leading to a willingness to share, and the consequent correlation to process and/or product/service innovation. The important role of critical thinking as a control variable in tacit knowledge development in individuals is also identified as is the connection of process innovation as a mediator between tacit knowledge sharing and product/service innovation. The model is supported across both samples though with interesting differences across countries, particularly in sources of tacit knowledge (more learn-by-doing in the US), the link between awareness and sharing (stronger in US), and innovation (process as a full mediator in Poland, complementary in the
US). The main theoretical contribution is empirical support for tacit knowledge’s role in innovation, including the step-by-step details of how everything connects as well as details on how the model can differ by national context. The managerial implications include the care that must be taken to evaluate national circumstances and their potential impact on a firm’s management of tacit knowledge.
Keywords: Tacit knowledge, knowledge awareness, knowledge sharing, innovation, IT industry, Poland, USA
US). The main theoretical contribution is empirical support for tacit knowledge’s role in innovation, including the step-by-step details of how everything connects as well as details on how the model can differ by national context. The managerial implications include the care that must be taken to evaluate national circumstances and their potential impact on a firm’s management of tacit knowledge.
Keywords: Tacit knowledge, knowledge awareness, knowledge sharing, innovation, IT industry, Poland, USA
- WP2/2020(62) Yuxin Lu, Joanna Wolszczak-Derlacz
THE IMPACT OF CHINA’S ONE-BELT ONE-ROAD INITIATIVE ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS
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Abstract: This study examines the potential effects of China’s “One-Belt One-Road” initiative (OBOR) on trade flows and global value chain connections. The empirical analysis is based on the augmented gravity model of international trade, which comprises 186 reporters and 199 partners in the period 2000-2018. We also estimate the gravity model for involvement in global value chains (domestic and foreign value added in exports and the value contributed by a partner to a reporter’s exports). OBOR proves to be positively correlated with international trade and global value chains (GVC), while some of the corridors seem to be more beneficial than others (e.g. China-Pakistan, China-Mongolia-Russian Federation, and Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar).
JEL: F13, F14, C23
Keywords: One-belt one-road, China, gravity trade models, global value chains
JEL: F13, F14, C23
Keywords: One-belt one-road, China, gravity trade models, global value chains
- WP1/2020(61) Wioleta Kucharska
THE POWER OF MISTAKES: CONSTANT LEARNING CULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
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Abstract: Change adaptability reflects intelligence and learning capacity. Mistakes are powerful in relation to teaching potency and learning efficacy, but they are not likely to be accepted by organizations. This has become a serious organizational problem. Is it possible to learn without making mistakes? This study conducts an in-depth exploration of the relation between change adaptability and acceptance of mistakes. Organizational learning is crucial for development, and technology is a major driver of growth in today’s fast-changing world. The majority of learning at work is in the form of human interactions. Hence, the question is: How do technology-driven interactions influence adaptability to change via the acceptance of mistakes in the learning process?
This study analyzed 380 cases of Polish employees working in knowledge-driven organizations in various industries between November and December 2019. Analysis of moderated moderation was conducted using PROCESS software. The author found that high intensity of contacts via technology supports change adaptability through the acceptance of mistakes only for the IT industry. The main novelty from this study is that the overall “mindset” and working conditions consistency determines the employees' ability to non-formal learning from mistakes and change adaptability. Hence, the consistency of mindset and non-formal working conditions is important. Moreover, it has been noted that the industry factor matters for organizational learning studies.
Keywords: change adaptability, organizational learning, acceptance of mistakes, organizational intelligence, IT industry, knowledge-driven organizations, non formal learning, learning organizations.
JEL: D83, M14, M14
This study analyzed 380 cases of Polish employees working in knowledge-driven organizations in various industries between November and December 2019. Analysis of moderated moderation was conducted using PROCESS software. The author found that high intensity of contacts via technology supports change adaptability through the acceptance of mistakes only for the IT industry. The main novelty from this study is that the overall “mindset” and working conditions consistency determines the employees' ability to non-formal learning from mistakes and change adaptability. Hence, the consistency of mindset and non-formal working conditions is important. Moreover, it has been noted that the industry factor matters for organizational learning studies.
Keywords: change adaptability, organizational learning, acceptance of mistakes, organizational intelligence, IT industry, knowledge-driven organizations, non formal learning, learning organizations.
JEL: D83, M14, M14
- WP8/2019(60) Wioleta Kucharska, Denise A.D.Bedford
LOVE YOUR MISTAKES! -THEY HELP YOU ADAPT TO CHANGE. THE NEW SCALE OF LEARNING CULTURE
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Abstract: Purpose: There is no learning without making mistakes. Collaboration, knowledge, and learning culture shape organizational behaviors. Hence, this study aims to develop a theoretical model of the above constructs to determine how mistakes are related to organizational intelligence based on the structural model, including the relations between the above constructs.
Methodology: New scales of the above constructs, including the learning culture scale, which is composed of the dimensions of “acceptance of mistakes” and “learning climate,” were developed and validated based on two samples: students aged 18–24 and employees aged >24 who work in knowledge-driven organizations. Structural equation models were then developed, assessed, and compared.
Findings: Mediated by “acceptance by mistakes,” the effect of the “learning climate” on “change adaptability” has been detected for young students aged 18-24 but this relation is not significant for business employees aged >24.
Limitations: Both samples were obtained from Poland, and “business sample” is in majority represented by small- and medium-sized companies. Hence, the business sample may reflect national culture. Big companies, more mature, usually design their own culture fitted to their business aims. Therefore, this study can be replicated for big Polish companies, international companies located in Poland and, for other countries.
Practical implications: Acceptance of mistakes is vital for learning culture development. Mistakes help employees adapt to change. Hence, a learning culture that excludes the acceptance of mistakes is somehow artificial and may be unproductive. Paradoxically, the fact that employee intelligence (change adaptability) is increasing via mistakes does not mean that organizational intelligence is increasing. It suggests that Polish knowledge organizations are
not learning organizations.
Scientific implications: In this study, mistakes are presented as a precious resource that enables the adaptation and development of intelligence. Hence, this study opens a new area of research in the “management of organizational mistakes.”
Novelty: This study breaks with the convention of “excellence” and promotes the acceptance of mistakes in organizations to develop organizational intelligence. This study is also the first to propose a constant learning culture scale that embodies the acceptance of mistakes and “learning climate.” Further, it empirically proves the value of mistakes.
Keywords: organizational learning, change adaptability, constant learning culture, knowledge
culture, collaborative culture
JEL: D83 M14 M14
Methodology: New scales of the above constructs, including the learning culture scale, which is composed of the dimensions of “acceptance of mistakes” and “learning climate,” were developed and validated based on two samples: students aged 18–24 and employees aged >24 who work in knowledge-driven organizations. Structural equation models were then developed, assessed, and compared.
Findings: Mediated by “acceptance by mistakes,” the effect of the “learning climate” on “change adaptability” has been detected for young students aged 18-24 but this relation is not significant for business employees aged >24.
Limitations: Both samples were obtained from Poland, and “business sample” is in majority represented by small- and medium-sized companies. Hence, the business sample may reflect national culture. Big companies, more mature, usually design their own culture fitted to their business aims. Therefore, this study can be replicated for big Polish companies, international companies located in Poland and, for other countries.
Practical implications: Acceptance of mistakes is vital for learning culture development. Mistakes help employees adapt to change. Hence, a learning culture that excludes the acceptance of mistakes is somehow artificial and may be unproductive. Paradoxically, the fact that employee intelligence (change adaptability) is increasing via mistakes does not mean that organizational intelligence is increasing. It suggests that Polish knowledge organizations are
not learning organizations.
Scientific implications: In this study, mistakes are presented as a precious resource that enables the adaptation and development of intelligence. Hence, this study opens a new area of research in the “management of organizational mistakes.”
Novelty: This study breaks with the convention of “excellence” and promotes the acceptance of mistakes in organizations to develop organizational intelligence. This study is also the first to propose a constant learning culture scale that embodies the acceptance of mistakes and “learning climate.” Further, it empirically proves the value of mistakes.
Keywords: organizational learning, change adaptability, constant learning culture, knowledge
culture, collaborative culture
JEL: D83 M14 M14
- WP7/2019(59) Sabina Szymczak, Joanna Wolszczak-Derlacz
GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS AND LABOUR MARKETS - WAGES, EMPLOYMENT OR BOTH: INPUT-OUTPUT APROACH
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Abstract: This article examines the overall effect of global value chains (GVCs) on labour market outcomes, namely wages and labour demand. The analysis exploits the World InputOutput Database (WIOD, 2016 release) covering 43 countries and 54 sectors from 2000 to 2014. GVC involvement is measured by the recently developed GVC participation indexes (based on both backward and forward linkages) and relative GVC position (Wang et al.,
2017a, 2017b). The estimates employ the three-least-squares method. The results indicate that GVC position is negatively correlated both with wages and with employment, while the effect of GVC participation as such depends on whether backward or forward linkages are considered. We find some heterogeneity between countries (middle- versus highincome) and sectors (manufacturing versus services). Importantly, the labour market effect of involvement in GVCs is different from the channel of traditional trade in which the production process does not cross national borders. The R codes for calculation of inputoutput measures of GVC are provided.
JEL: F14, F16, J31, J21
Keywords: global value chains, input-output, employment, wages
2017a, 2017b). The estimates employ the three-least-squares method. The results indicate that GVC position is negatively correlated both with wages and with employment, while the effect of GVC participation as such depends on whether backward or forward linkages are considered. We find some heterogeneity between countries (middle- versus highincome) and sectors (manufacturing versus services). Importantly, the labour market effect of involvement in GVCs is different from the channel of traditional trade in which the production process does not cross national borders. The R codes for calculation of inputoutput measures of GVC are provided.
JEL: F14, F16, J31, J21
Keywords: global value chains, input-output, employment, wages
- WP6/2019(58) Stanislaw Maciej Kot
DERIVING THE PARAMETER OF INEQUALITY AVERSION FROM A PARAMETRIC DISTRIBUTION OF INCOMES
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Abstract: In this paper, the method of deriving the parameter ε of inequality aversion from a parametric distribution of incomes is proposed. It is assumed that a social decision-maker appraises welfare in income distributions by means of the constant inequality aversion utility function and that incomes obey the generalised beta distribution of the second kind GB2(a,b,p,q). It is proved that, under these assumptions, the social welfare function exists if and only if ε belongs to [0,ap+1)
interval. The mid-point εmid of this interval specifies inequality aversion of the median socialdecision maker. The maximum likelihood estimator of εmid has been developed. Inequality aversion for Poland 1998-2015 has been estimated. If inequality is calculated on the basis of disposable incomes, the standard inequality development relationship might be complemented by inequality aversion. Such an augmented inequality-development relationship discloses new evidences. For instance, the Gini index is not a declining function of ε in general, but only for a high stage of the economic development.
Keywords: Inequality; Inequality aversion; Income distribution; Utility function
JEL classification: D30, O15
interval. The mid-point εmid of this interval specifies inequality aversion of the median socialdecision maker. The maximum likelihood estimator of εmid has been developed. Inequality aversion for Poland 1998-2015 has been estimated. If inequality is calculated on the basis of disposable incomes, the standard inequality development relationship might be complemented by inequality aversion. Such an augmented inequality-development relationship discloses new evidences. For instance, the Gini index is not a declining function of ε in general, but only for a high stage of the economic development.
Keywords: Inequality; Inequality aversion; Income distribution; Utility function
JEL classification: D30, O15
- WP5/2019(57) Dagmara Nikulin, Joanna Wolszczak-Derlacz
GVC INVOLVEMENT AND THE GENDER WAGE GAP: MICRO - EVIDENCE FOR EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
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Abstract: In this paper we examine the linkages between involvement into global value chains (GVCs) and the gender wage inequalities. We use merged wide-ranging Structure of Earning (SES) and World Input Output Database (WIOD) for the years 2002, 2006, 2010 and 2014, covering manufacturing industries of 18 European countries. We employ a wealth of information on employees’ personal and company characteristics as well as sectoral variable reflecting the involvement in GVC measured by foreign value added embodied in exports (FVA/Exp.) We augment the Mincerian regression with GVC variable and report gender wage discrimination among European employees. The results indicate that wages of workers employed in sectors more involved in GVC are lower. However, the relationship between GVC and wages differs in respect to gender; women are more affected by the negative impact of greater trade involvement in comparison to men. There is some education/skill/occupation heterogeneity with workers with middle education level and middle skills being most affected. Finally, our results show the different patters across concentrated and competitive industries: the wage drop due GVC intensification is observed for the former ones.
JEL: J16, J31, F16
Keywords: gender wage gap, gender inequalities, micro data, European countries
JEL: J16, J31, F16
Keywords: gender wage gap, gender inequalities, micro data, European countries
- WP4/2019(56) Aleksandra Kordalska, Magdalena Olczyk
IS GERMANY A HUB OF FACTORY EUROPE FOR CEE COUNTRIES? THE SINK APPROACH IN GVC DECOMPOSITION
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Abstract: The goal of the paper is to decompose gross exports/imports to/from Germany for seven selected economies in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE): the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, and Slovakia for 2000 and 2014, to identify the role of German in absorbing, reflecting, and redirecting CEE trade. We use a gross trade decomposition proposed by Borin and Mancini (2017), which is the extended version of the methodology of Koopman, Wang, and Wei (KWW; 2014). Our analysis shows the deep integration of CEE into ‘Factory Germany’ as well as also the overestimated role of Germany as a market of final destination. Germany plays the increasing role in CEE export redirection (and vice versa) to extra-European destinations, especially to the US, China, and Russia. Additionally, we state that the Baltic countries and Poland export domestic value added mostly included in services, while the Visegrád countries do so in manufacturing.
Keywords: value-added exports, CEE economies, trade linkages, GVC decomposition
JEL: E16, F1, F14, F1
Keywords: value-added exports, CEE economies, trade linkages, GVC decomposition
JEL: E16, F1, F14, F1
- WP3/2019(55) Aleksandra Kordalska, Magdalena Olczyk
WHAT FOSTERS FIRM-LEVEL LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY IN EASTERN EUROPEAN AND CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES?
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Abstract: This study examines labour productivity performance and its determinants in Eastern European and Central Asian (EECA) firms using micro-level data. We find significant differences in labour productivity among members of the European Union in Eastern Europe and other Eastern European and Central Asian countries. We also confirm the important impact of foreign ownership, exporter status, and highly skilled workers on productivity levels. However, we reveal a non linear relationship between firm age and their labour productivity. Additionally, significant differences in labour productivity determinants between the services and manufacturing are found. The productivity of service firms, unlike manufacturing firms, is much more sensitive to changes in productivity factors.
Keywords: Eastern Europe and Central Asia, firm-level analysis, labour productivity
JEL: C21, J24 O52, O53
Keywords: Eastern Europe and Central Asia, firm-level analysis, labour productivity
JEL: C21, J24 O52, O53
- WP2/2019(54) Dagmara Nikulin, Joanna Wolszczak-Derlacz
WORKING CONDITIONS IN GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS. EVIDENCE FOR EUROPEAN EMPLOYEES
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Abstract: This paper investigates how involvement in Global Value Chains (GVCs) affects working conditions. We use linked employer-employee data from the Structure of Earnings Survey merged with industry-level statistics on GVCs based on the World Input-Output Database. The sample consists of almost 9 million workers in 24 European countries in 2014. Given the multidimensional nature of the dependent variable, we compare the estimates resulting from a Mincerian wage model with zero-inflated negative binomial regressions that analyse other aspects of working conditions (overtime work and bonus payments). As to the impact of production fragmentation on social upgrading, wages prove to be negatively related to sectoral GVC involvement. Workers in sectors more deeply involved in GVCs have lower and less stable earnings, meaning worse working conditions; on the other hand, they are also less likely to have to work overtime, which one may see as a sign of better labour standards.
Keywords: working conditions, Global Value Chains, wellbeing of workers, social upgrading
JEL: F16, F66, J81
Keywords: working conditions, Global Value Chains, wellbeing of workers, social upgrading
JEL: F16, F66, J81
- WP1/2019(53) Sabina Szymczak, Aleksandra Parteka, Joanna Wolszczak-Derlacz
POSITION IN GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS: THE IMPACT ON WAGES IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
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Abstrakt: This paper examines the relationship between the relative position of industries in Global Value Chains and wages in ten Central and Eastern European countries. We combine GVC measures of global import intensity of production, upstreamness and the length of the value chain with micro-data on workers. We find that the wages of CEEC workers are higher when their industry is at the beginning of the chain or at the end than in the middle. Secondly, wage changes depend on the interplay between upstreamness and GVC intensity. In sectors close to final demand, greater production fragmentation is associated with lower wages.
JEL: F14, F16, J31
Słowa kluczowe: wage, GVC, upstreamness, production fragmentation, CEEC
JEL: F14, F16, J31
Słowa kluczowe: wage, GVC, upstreamness, production fragmentation, CEEC
- WP6/2018(52) Andrzej Cieślik, Aleksandra Parteka
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Abstrakt: This paper addresses the lack of connection between theory and empirics in most export diversification–economic development studies. We provide a Ricardian-based theoretical explanation of countries’ relative export variety as a function of the level of technology and country size assessed with respect to the rest of the world. Relative export diversification is an outcome of two forces: a relative productivity change (technological progress) and a relative country size change (labour force growth). The model predictions are confirmed in a sample of 132 countries (1988–2014), including 53 low-income countries, for which we measure export variety using product-level trade data. The influence of technology differences on export variety is: (i) stronger than is the effect of cross-country differences in size and (ii) non-linear, driving diversification at the beginning of the development process. The results are robust to the measurement of export variety, the inclusion of control variables, and estimation methods.
JEL: F11, F14, F43, O40, O11
Słowa kluczowe: export variety, export diversification, Ricardian model, economic development
JEL: F11, F14, F43, O40, O11
Słowa kluczowe: export variety, export diversification, Ricardian model, economic development
- WP5/2018(51) Aleksandra Parteka, Joanna Wolszczak-Derlacz
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Abstrakt: By using very rich individual-level data on workers from 28 European countries, we provide the first so extensive cross-country assessment of wage response to global production links within global value chains (GVCs) in the period 2005–2014. Unlike the other studies, we (i) address the importance of backward links in globally integrated production structures (capturing imports of goods and services required in any stage of the production of the final product); (ii) measure the occupational task profile of workers with new country-specific indices of routinisation; (iii) compare the impact of global production links on wages between workers from Western, Central–Eastern, and Southern Europe employed in manufacturing and non-manufacturing sectors; and (iv) account for direct and indirect dependence on GVC imports from developing and high-income countries. We consider the potential endogeneity problems. Our results suggest that global import intensity of production exhibits negative pressure on wages in Europe. This effect mainly concerns workers from Western Europe employed in manufacturing and is driven by production links with non-high-income countries. Our counterfactual estimates suggest that the effect for all of Europe is small, but the pressure of GVC imports on wages in Western Europe is not economically negligible, in particular when inputs are from less developed countries including China.
JEL: F14, F16, J31
Słowa kluczowe: wages, global value chains, global import intensity of production, tasks, EU
JEL: F14, F16, J31
Słowa kluczowe: wages, global value chains, global import intensity of production, tasks, EU
- WP4/2018(50) Karolina Tura-Gawron, Maria Siranova, Karol Flisikowski
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Abstrakt: This study examines the potential drivers and their spatial components of inflation expectations of consumers in 22 European Union countries by using the spatial Durbin model. The potential determinants are drawn from the macrosphere (oil prices, food prices, house prices, industrial production), financial sphere (money market interest rates, nominal effective exchange rate, key policy rate), and economic favourable cognition variables (consumer confidence indicator, short-term inflation volatility, medium–term memory reversal of inflation expectations). The implemented binary spatial weight matrices are based on the geographical and economic distances. The economic distance weights define the European Union global trade partners as the most proximal neighbours. Our results confirm the existence of an inherent spatial component in short-term consumers’ inflation expectations even when excluding effect of inflation rate anchoring. This finding may provide a possible explanation for disruptions found in monetary policy transmission mechanism in small and open economies. From other perspective, the more interlinked consumers’ expectations may open the path to better business cycle synchronisation and strengthen the process of EA convergence, improving the conditions for efficient and effective monetary policy conduct.
JEL: E52, E61, C21
Słowa kluczowe: consumers’ inflation expectations, spatial analysis, European Union
JEL: E52, E61, C21
Słowa kluczowe: consumers’ inflation expectations, spatial analysis, European Union
- WP3/2018(49) Magdalena Olczyk, Aleksandra Kordalska
GROWTH AND STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN TRANSITION COUNTRIES – THE CHICKEN OR THE EGG?
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Abstrakt: The theoretical analysis of structural changes in the context of economic growth has a long tradition. However, studies which analyze the empirical relationship between these two economic categories are still very rare. In the literature, whether growth causes structural changes or the other way round is still an open the question. This paper empirically tests the relationship between structural changes (changes in gross value added and employment) and economic growth by using a panel Granger causality analysis based on annual data for 8 transition countries, covering the period 1995-2011. The main finding is that the causality relations analyzed are heterogeneous processes and are identified more often when we measure structural changes by value added than by changes in employment. Among the countries analyzed, we separate a subgroup of economies with very strong bilateral causality (small countries like Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia), a subgroup where no causal relationships are observed (e.g. Hungary for the case of employment) and a group with a one-directional relationship (e.g. Poland, where GDP changes cause employment changes in the Granger sense, but not vice versa).
JEL: C12, C33, O14, O47, O57
Słowa kluczowe: economic growth, structural changes, industries, panel data, Granger causality, CEE countries
JEL: C12, C33, O14, O47, O57
Słowa kluczowe: economic growth, structural changes, industries, panel data, Granger causality, CEE countries
- WP2/2018(48) Aleksandra Kordalska, Magdalena Olczyk
CEE TRADE IN SERVICES: VALUE ADDED VERSUS GROSS TERMS APPROACHES
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Abstrakt: This paper aims to assess the impact of determinants on service exports in both value added terms and in gross terms for seven Central Eastern European economies in years 1995-2011. The results confirm the importance of increasing labour productivity and highly-skilled and medium-skilled workers for growth in services trade. Exports of services are also supported by linkages between domestic services, especially business services, and the manufacturing sector. The results show the impacts of the determinants are fairly similar when exports are measured in value added terms or in gross terms, however the strength of impact differs in some subgroup of analysed countries.
JEL: C23, D54, F14, L80
Słowa kluczowe: gross exports, value added exports, CEE economies, trade in services
JEL: C23, D54, F14, L80
Słowa kluczowe: gross exports, value added exports, CEE economies, trade in services
- WP1/2018(47) Dagmara Nikulin, Maciej Beręsewicz
INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT IN POLAND: AN EMPIRICAL SPATIAL ANALYSIS
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Abstrakt: The main goal of our article is to bridge the gap in the regional analysis of informal
JEL: J21, J46, R12, R23
Słowa kluczowe: Informal employment propensity; unregistered work; shadow economy; spatial Bayesian analysis; INLA
JEL: J21, J46, R12, R23
Słowa kluczowe: Informal employment propensity; unregistered work; shadow economy; spatial Bayesian analysis; INLA
- WP3/2017(46) Julita E. Wasilczuk
WOMEN'S ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN POMERANIA IN LIGHT OF AVAILABLE RESEARCH
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Abstrakt: Background. Despite the fact that research on women's entrepreneurship has been conducted for many years, still many clear answers to questions about the differences between entrepreneurs of both genders are missing. Research aim. The differences in the methods of enterprise management are one of the rarely studied areas (Jennings and Brush, 2013). This fact, combined with the small number of studies dealing with female entrepreneurs in Poland, has been the main reason for writing the present text. Methods. The article reports the state of art in the women entrepreneurship research as well as the research conducted in Pomerania province in Poland. Key findings. The results of the research revealed small differences between women and men activities in the firms. The conclusions for the research and policy makers end the paper.
JEL: J16, L25, L26
Słowa kluczowe: women entrepreneurship, management in small business
JEL: J16, L25, L26
Słowa kluczowe: women entrepreneurship, management in small business
- WP2/2017(45) Julita E. Wasilczuk, Katarzyna Stankiewicz
UNPRODUCTIVE ENTREPRENEURSHIP - THE CASE OF THE POLISH ECONOMY
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Abstrakt: Unproductive entrepreneurship is not a common theme undertaken by researchers. The author defines the basic concepts of unproductive entrepreneurship and explains the role of cultural and economic differences in transition countries, in terms of institutional environment. However the main aim is to identify the nature of unproductive entrepreneurship in Poland. The theory for the research was based on the Baumol work. The research model on the Ajzen TPB. 270 Polish entrepreneurs were surveyed in order to define and describe unproductive entrepreneurship in Poland. The surveyed entrepreneurs present a permissive subjective standard regarding tax evasion when the existence of their enterprise is endangered, however they are also quite indulgent in the case of desire to maximize profits. The entrepreneurs represent more negative behavioural beliefs regarding the effectiveness of tax avoidance than regarding the effectiveness of making arrangements with tender participants or paying bribes.
JEL: D22, D23, O43
Słowa kluczowe: unproductive entrepreneurship, types of unproductivity
JEL: D22, D23, O43
Słowa kluczowe: unproductive entrepreneurship, types of unproductivity
- WP1/2017(44) Piotr Dominiak, Julita E. Wasilczuk
FORMAL INSTITUTIONS – THE SOURCE OF UNPRODUCTIVE ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN POLAND
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Abstrakt: Objective: The purpose of this article is to determine the entrepreneurs’ perception of formal institutions in Poland as a source of non-productive behaviours. Research Design & Methods: The research methodology was developed based on many years of the teams’ research experience. It involved three stages of research: 1) panel of experts and 2) telephone surveys of 1,612 entrepreneurs in Poland, which were the basis for 3) development of detailed research to be conducted among 300 entrepreneurs. Findings: The Polish entrepreneurs are mostly forced to unproductivity and they rather do not use the institutions to fight off the competition (offensive, voluntary unproductivity). The entrepreneurs themselves do not seem to provide much evidence for the unproductivity caused by the formal institutions. Implications & Recommendations: The study revealed a number of shortcomings in the research methodology itself. Conducting the research on a larger group of respondents necessitated the development of a standard questionnaire which does not capture all the shades of unproductivity. Perhaps individual interviews with entrepreneurs would allow for describing the activities treated as voluntary unproductivity. Contribution & Value Added: The original contribution of the authors is the division of unproductive entrepreneurship into voluntary and forced. So far no studies of this type have been conducted in Poland.
JEL: P48, M21, L25, D22
JEL: P48, M21, L25, D22
- WP13/2016(43) Dagmara Nikulin
THE IMPACT OF ICTS ON WOMEN’S ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT
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Abstrakt: It is widely argued that ICTs enable the inclusion of low-skilled and traditionally marginalized groups, such as women, people with disabilities, and workers at the base of the pyramid (BoP), in the labor market. In this paper, we investigate the determinants of female participation in the labor market in developing countries with a focus on the impact of the use of ICTs on female labor force participation. We conduct a panel study analysis for 60 developing countries in the time period 2000–2014. Our results confirm that there is rather a positive impact from the use of ICTs on female labor force participation in developing countries. Moreover, we show that gross national income (GNI) per capita, fertility rates and income inequalities influence to some extent the level of women’s engagement in the labor market. Our results are robust against different control variables, as well as different ICT proxies.
JEL: O11, O33, J21
Słowa kluczowe: ICTs, female labor force participation, panel data, development level, income inequalities
JEL: O11, O33, J21
Słowa kluczowe: ICTs, female labor force participation, panel data, development level, income inequalities
- WP12/2016(42) Paweł Weichbroth
FACING THE BRAINSTORMING THEORY. A CASE OF REQUIREMENTS ELICITATION
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Abstrakt: Knowledge is still considered to be power and its externalization makes it possible for others to use that power. In this paper, we examine the theory of brainstorming, and the claim by father Alex Osborn that in a group session an individual can think of twice as many ideas than working alone. In the context of requirements elicitation, we performed an experiment on a “nominal” and a “real” group of participants, following a procedure based on the Jaccard index. However, the obtained results do not provide evidence to support the above opinion, because during a five-minute session, participants working individually produce over 43% more ideas than a group of different participants.
JEL: O310
Słowa kluczowe: Brainstorming, Theory, Requirements, Elicitation, Usability, Factors
JEL: O310
Słowa kluczowe: Brainstorming, Theory, Requirements, Elicitation, Usability, Factors
- WP11/2016(41) Stanislaw Maciej Kot
ESTIMATES OF THE WORLD DISTRIBUTION OF PERSONAL INCOMES BASED ON COUNTRY SAMPLE CLONES
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Abstrakt: In this paper, the world distribution of personal incomes (WDPI) is estimated using a global sample comprising country sample clones. A clone is a random sample that reproduces – with predetermined high probability and precision – an unknown survey sample using information that is ‘encoded’ in the estimated parameters of a country’s personal income distribution. The clone creation method is based on the sequential probability ratio test. The clones discussed in this paper are generated from the lognormal distribution using information encoded in countries’ Gini indices, and are scaled to both per capita GDP and per capita household final consumption expenditures (HFCE). Statistical analysis of a global sample from the WDPI in the 1990-2010 period shows the following. The WDPI exhibited a twin-peaks shape in the initial years, but such bimodality disappeared in subsequent years. Inequality and poverty decreased in accordance with a three-phase pattern over the period. Whether clones are scaled to GDP or HFCE matters when evaluating inequality and poverty levels, but not when determining the general direction of their trends.
JEL: D31, F01, O01
Słowa kluczowe: global income distribution, global inequality, global poverty, estimation, sequential analysis
JEL: D31, F01, O01
Słowa kluczowe: global income distribution, global inequality, global poverty, estimation, sequential analysis
- WP10/2016(40) Magdalena Olczyk, Aleksandra Kordalska
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Abstrakt: The main objective of this paper is to assess the impact of selected determinants on both exports in value added and exports in gross terms for seven CEE economies, based on 13 manufacturing subsectors and for the period 1995-2011. The results of the analysis show a substantial decrease in domestic value added in a majority of the countries, especially in medium-high- and high-tech industries. For the seven CEE countries the impact of the main determinants (except vertical specialisation) are fairly similar when exports are measured in value added or in gross terms. The results indicate a greater impact of labour productivity and highly skilled employees on generating domestic value added in the manufacturing sector. CEE countries do not achieve comparative advantages of a capital-intensive nature in exports of manufactured products. Additionally, manufacturing in CEE countries does not serve a ‘carrier function’ for services to contribute to a country’s export performance.
JEL: C23, F12, F14, F40, L60
Słowa kluczowe: gross exports, value added exports, CEE economies, manufacturing
JEL: C23, F12, F14, F40, L60
Słowa kluczowe: gross exports, value added exports, CEE economies, manufacturing
- WP9/2016(39) Wioleta Kucharska
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Abstrakt: Social network brand sites are increasingly attracting the attention of scientists and managers intrigued by their potential application for brand value creation. The aim of this research is to fill the gap in understanding how users choose among social networking sites as an act of brand identification. Social network users, unlike it is in real life, do not need to own branded products to use their image. For this reason their identification with brands can bring interesting implications for those who study brand value creation. The study presents a new model whose structure of social network brand sites identification drivers varies for customer brand identification in the real and virtual worlds. The presented model reveals that personal branding is a planned effect of brand identification and is crucial for brand value creation in social networks.
JEL: M30, M31, Y1
Słowa kluczowe: CBI, social network, personal branding, brand loyalty
JEL: M30, M31, Y1
Słowa kluczowe: CBI, social network, personal branding, brand loyalty
- WP8/2016(38) Karolina Tura-Gawron
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Abstrakt: This article presents a comparative study of central paths’ projections of Consumer Price Index (CPI index), core inflation and monetary policy-relevant inflation measure (MPRI) in the central banks of Sweden, Norway and Czech Republic. The analysis refers to the possibility of using core and MPRI inflation projections as a tool (intermediate goal) for the implementation of Svensson’s concept of optimal inflation forecast targeting strategy (IFT) and determines what the chosen central banks are effectively targeting in practice. The study includes a reference of the central paths of the CPI, core inflation and MPRI inflation projections, based on the endogenous rate, to the inflation target. The analysis has allowed us to determine that the central paths of core inflation projections have converged with the inflation target as the time horizon became longer, but still remained medium-term. Such a result is not given for all of the CPI projections. The implications for the implementation of the Svensson’s concept of optimal IFT strategy are that a projection of core inflation may be a typical, operational tool which anchors inflation expectations; as such (as CPI projection), it should be published, treated and used as an intermediate goal of monetary policy.
JEL: E58, E52, E59
Słowa kluczowe: core inflation, inflation projection, inflation targeting regime, inflation forecast targeting
JEL: E58, E52, E59
Słowa kluczowe: core inflation, inflation projection, inflation targeting regime, inflation forecast targeting
- WP7/2016(37) Karolina Tura-Gawron
CREDIBILITY OF CENTRAL BANKS INFLATION FORECASTS
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Abstrakt: Modern monetary policy focuses on credibility and shaping consumers’ inflation expectations. According to the concept of inflation forecast targeting (IFT), inflation forecasts play a crucial role in the instrument rate decision-making process and may be a specific intermediate target. The aim of the study is to analyse the credibility of inflation forecasts published by the central banks of England, Sweden and Norway. The article presents the proposition of an inflation forecast credibility index. The inflation forecasts’ credibility index may be calculated for all types of inflation forecasts made by central banks, which implement an inflation targeting (IT) regime. It consists of three main elements: the accuracy of the forecasts, the similarity of the forecasts and the inflation forecast deviations from the inflation target. The credibility index has been calculated for the inflation forecasts made by central banks of England, Sweden and Norway. The research conducted shows that most of the inflation forecasts published in selected central banks were credible.
JEL: E58, E52, E47
Słowa kluczowe: inflation forecasts targeting, inflation forecast, inflation forecast credibility index, inflation expectations
JEL: E58, E52, E47
Słowa kluczowe: inflation forecasts targeting, inflation forecast, inflation forecast credibility index, inflation expectations
- WP6/2016(36) Joanna Wolszczak-Derlacz, Aleksandra Parteka
THE EFFECTS OF OFFSHORING TO LOW-WAGE COUNTRIES ON DOMESTIC WAGES – A WORLDWIDE INDUSTRIAL ANALYSIS
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Abstrakt: This paper extends the literature on the implications of offshoring for labour markets by investigating its effect on the wages of different skill groups in a broad global context. The analysis draws on input-output data from the WIOD project, and in the panel analysed (13 manufacturing industries, 40 countries, 1995 – 2009) we capture up to 96% of the international trade in manufacturing inputs. Being particularly interested in the wage effects of offshoring to low wage countries (LWC), we employ precise LWC classifications (varying across industries and time) to decompose overall offshoring by source country. We employ a decomposition of the conventional offshoring measure in order to capture its pure international component, which is further instrumented using a gravity-based strategy. According to the estimation results, the negative impact of offshoring on wages mainly concerns low and medium skilled workers. However, in terms of magnitude, the downward pressure on domestic wages exhibited by offshoring to LWC is relatively small. LWC (Low wage countries) classifications employed in this paper are downloadable at: http://zie.pg.edu.pl/aparteka/publications [file LowWageCountries_classifications_WolszczakDerlacz_Parteka].
JEL: F14, F16, F66, C67
Słowa kluczowe: wage, offshoring, input-output, low-wage countries
JEL: F14, F16, F66, C67
Słowa kluczowe: wage, offshoring, input-output, low-wage countries
- WP5/2016(35) Dagmara Nikulin
HOW TO DEFINE AND MEASURE INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES? A CASE OF POLAND.
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Abstrakt: The main aim of this article is to point out the possible measures of how to improve the study of informal employment in developed countries. We choose the case of Poland to examine whether the existing definitions and measurement methods are suitable for indicating the prevalence of informal employment. Firstly, we present the most popular definitions of informal employment, secondly we show the existing research on informal employment in Poland, and thirdly we assess the previous estimations of informal employment in Poland with regard to the definition’s scope. Finally, we propose some improvements that would help in studying this phenomenon in Poland. Through a critical analysis of existing research on informal employment we contribute to the existing literature in two ways: (i) by constructing the definitional frames of informal employment in Poland; and (ii) by pointing out the possible extensions of surveys devoted to informal employment in developed countries.
JEL: E26 J46 O17
Słowa kluczowe: informal employment, Poland, undeclared work, shadow economy
JEL: E26 J46 O17
Słowa kluczowe: informal employment, Poland, undeclared work, shadow economy
- WP4/2016(34) Adam Marszk, Ewa Lechman, Harleen Kaur
FINANCIAL MARKETS DIFFUSION PATTERNS. THE CASE OF MEXICAN INVESTMENT FUNDS.
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Abstrakt: Exchange traded funds (ETFs) are one of the most influential financial innovations, reshaping the investment funds market in many countries, including Mexico. Due to their similar investment objectives, ETFs are considered substitutes for mutual funds. This paper examines the changes of the investment funds (ETFs and mutual funds) in Mexico over 2002-2012 using a category of the innovation diffusion models, i.e. logistic growth models in order to explore the key development patterns. Descriptions of the selected categories of investment funds are provided in the first section of the article, together with the advantages of ETFs as opposed to mutual funds. Next section presents data sources and methodological framework, with detailed description of the innovation diffusion models applied in the research (based on 3-parametric logistic curve). Sum of assets under management of ETFs and mutual is considered as the size of the total investment funds market. Empirical findings indicate the significant development of the ETF market, both in terms of assets under management and market share. According to the presented estimations, Mexican ETF market development can be described with the logistic growth models, and three characteristic phases of the logistic curve were clearly observable. Predicted ETF market development patterns point towards further increase of market share of ETFs over the next 3-5 years yet the probability of exceeding the level of ca. 20-30% seems low.
JEL: G11; G23; O16; 033; 057
Słowa kluczowe: exchange traded funds, mutual funds, diffusion models, financial innovation, Mexico
JEL: G11; G23; O16; 033; 057
Słowa kluczowe: exchange traded funds, mutual funds, diffusion models, financial innovation, Mexico
- WP3/2016(33) Ewa Lechman, Harleen Kaur
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND ICT ADOPTION. DEVELOPING WORLD PERSPECTIVE.
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Abstrakt: The process of technology diffusion is complex, and one should bear in mind that multiple elements may be claimed as its essential determinants. Insofar, voluminous theoretical and empirical literature has been issued where attempts of identification of the latter has been made. However, we still lack adequate explanations for cross-country differences in new technology adoption; while demonstrated evidence is scattered and to a great extend it lacks robustness. This paper is designed to provide empirical evidence on the relationship between the process of ICT diffusion and social development across selected low-income and lower-middle-income countries during the period of 2000 and 2014. Its main target is to identify whether in low-income and lower-middle-income economies, ICT development and social development are correlated. It combines five logically structured sections. Section 1 is the introduction; Section 2 discusses literature review regarding ICT diffusion determinants. Next, Section 3 briefly presents data used in the research and explains methodological framework.Section 4 demonstrates results of empirical analysis, and Section 5 concludes.
JEL: O33,O50
Słowa kluczowe: social development, empowerment, new technologies, ICT, developing countries
JEL: O33,O50
Słowa kluczowe: social development, empowerment, new technologies, ICT, developing countries
- WP2/2016(32) Adam Marszk, Ewa Lechman
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Abstrakt: Similar to economic growth, the process of technology diffusion may well be approximated by easily Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) are recognized financial innovations pervasively impacting and transforming financial markets (Deville 2008, Gastineau 2010, Agapova 2011, Hill et al. 2015). Easy to use they have gained rapidly growing popularity among investors (Gastineau 2010, Lechman and Marszk 2015). Asian countries are those where rapid spread of financial innovations is observed (Marszk 2014); hence our analysis covers Japan and South Korea, which allows comparing diffusion and substitution trajectories of innovative financial products between advanced and emerging economy. It also traces substitution effects between ETFs and index derivatives. Moreover, we claim that ETFs influence financial systems in various ways, and may impact their stability, due to e.g. liquidity risk (Kosev and Williams 2011, Foucher and Gray 2014), and this also constitutes a field of our research. Our research contributes to the present state of knowledge by: (1)Tracing diffusion trajectories of financial innovations (ETFs) and examination of the dynamics of the process, across Japanese and South Korean stock exchanges; (2) Examining the unique process of substitution between ETFs and similar investment options, i.e. stock index futures and options; (3) Providing long-term predictions of financial innovations development across examined countries: trying to establish the possible future path of the ETF markets development in countries in scope; (4) Examination of the impact of the ETFs on the financial systems in examined countries; identification of country-specific thresholds leading to emergence of possible threats for the financial system stability.
JEL: G10, G15
Słowa kluczowe: ETFs, financial innovations, financial substitution
JEL: G10, G15
Słowa kluczowe: ETFs, financial innovations, financial substitution
- WP1/2016(31) Anna M. Kola, Krzysztof Leja
THE FUTURE OF THE UNIVERSITY? THE VOICE OF YOUNG POLISH SCHOLARS
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Abstrakt: Changes of universities should not be a result of administrators’ and university managers’ decisions (as a top-down approach), but of initiatives from the academic community. It is a kind of third way, which goes beyond the liberal discourse of the capitalist, who want to turn universities into companies, but it is not only the realization of the vision of the university officials. Taking into account our research and educational experience, we would like to introduce a wider perspective on the role of the contemporary university – regarding the core-periphery position of universities in a global world. In addition, our aim is to show how strategies of resistance can be built, which will result in effective and sustainable conversion of thinking about the university as an institution in shaping and creating an elite, as well as developing mechanisms of pro-quality, taking into account social factors. To reveal this way of thinking and show possibilities of taking action, we describe the main Polish initiatives that can change the university world in every field. An example of such a social movement is Citizens of Academia (Obywatele Nauki). Its members are young (usually post-doctoral), as well as more experienced scholars, who, despite the fact of achieving scientific and academic success, are working for the common good and the good of the university seen as an important social institution. The university ought to be an institution responsible for the process of social and cultural development.We agree that research on the role and activity of the movement is important to understand the direction of changes of the (post)modern university and society. The goal of such ethnographically inspired research is diagnosis of a specific engaged academic community. The article will present conclusions of the pilot study, conducted among the founders and initiators of the ON movement. Additional important objectives of the paper are to provide practical recommendations for policymakers, academic communities, research institutions and university administration, as well as answers to the question about possibilities of using the intellectual potential of young, talented, rebel and open scholars, to became a catalyst for desired change of the university, as well as development of personal careers of Polish academicians
JEL: I23
Słowa kluczowe: contemporary university, social movements, Citizens of Academia
JEL: I23
Słowa kluczowe: contemporary university, social movements, Citizens of Academia
- WP5/2015(30) Krzysztof Leja
POSITIVE MANAGEMENT OF THE UNIVERSITY
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Abstrakt: The prevailing view held at contemporary Polish universities is that their main goal is to achieve effects measured by indicators, which applies to each element of their mission: education, research and the third mission, whereas the means to accomplish this goal consists of increasing the requirements and motivating by the "carrot and stick" approach. That approach discounts the importance of building a positive relationship between members of the staff and undertaking activities intended to create a situation where hedonistic joy of work will dominate in universities. This in turn will promote integration of the academic environment and induce employees to strive for mastery to find pleasure and satisfaction rather than to achieve specific effects of their activity, which eventually will lead to better efficiency. The main goal of the paper is to demonstrate that contemporary universities may be improved by synthesis of strategic antinomies, i.e. seeking the possibility of combining opposite approaches to solving problems concerning university organization and management. The motivation method used at universities to date turns out to be ineffective; therefore, following the positive thinking idea formulated by Martin Seligman, the author of the study proposes to apply synthesis of strategic antinomies (paradoxes) observed in universities and use the results to counteract the noticeable trauma of academic communities and replace it with positive thinking, consisting of the aspiration to discover and understand phenomena, the sense of belonging to the academic environment and building positive relationships with that environment. Such an approach is in agreement with the "philosophy" proposing to replace the dictatorial "tyranny of the OR" (either ‘a' or ‘b'", but not both at the same time with the genius of the AND (both ‘a' and ‘b'), applied by visionary organizations, such as universities should strive to become.
JEL: I23
Słowa kluczowe: strategic paradoxes; university organization and management; resistance to changes; positive management
JEL: I23
Słowa kluczowe: strategic paradoxes; university organization and management; resistance to changes; positive management
- WP4/2015(29) Jerzy Czesław Ossowski
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Abstrakt: The paper consists of two parts devoted to the cause-effect dynamic models. In each part of the deterministic properties of the dynamic version of the model are presented. Thus, each of the considered dynamic models can be presented in the form of an equivalent for it the switching trend. Switches in this trend were exogenous variables of the dynamic model expressed in terms of the respective functions. This approach allowed: • first, clearly define short-term and long-uncorrected (Part I) and corrected (Part II) interaction effects of exogenous variables on the endogenous variable in a dynamic model, • second, to simulate the behavior of the endogenous variable model for complex dynamic changes of exogenous variables and present graphs switching trend with its boundary levels, • third, check the equivalence considered causal dynamic model of the trend defined correctness of the switching and impact effects of exogenous variables on the endogenous variable. For each version of the model a dynamic random effects impact on the formation of endogenous variable described by the trend of switching was assumed. It allowed to check the properties of estimates of causal dynamical model based on data generated by the trend in terms of stochastic switching. Generally, the first part of the paper is devoted to the dynamic models in which the exogenous variables are no time delays, which corresponds roughly to a certain concept of partial adjustment model (PAM). The second part of the paper focuses on dynamic models in which each of the exogenous variables, accompanied by the same variable with one-period time delay. Thus, this corresponds to the concept of error correction models (ECM). In both parts of the paper the problem of deterministic seasonality quarterly trends generated using switching was considered. Recursive set of equations was formulated so that on the basis of structural parameters of variables occurring in the zero-ones-in the dynamic model can clearly determine the effects of seasonal variations indicative of the level of endogenous variable switching trend, which is the level determined by exogenous factors model in a given period. In conclusion, the second part of the paper presents the results of the procedure specifications and estimates of cause-effect dynamic model describing the evolution of the level of wages in Poland. The model was estimated on the basis of statistical data for the period from 1 quarter of 1996 to the 4th quarter of 2013.
JEL: C2, C5, J3
Słowa kluczowe: dynamic cause-effect model, switching trend function; error correction model (ECM), seasonality; dynamic wage model
JEL: C2, C5, J3
Słowa kluczowe: dynamic cause-effect model, switching trend function; error correction model (ECM), seasonality; dynamic wage model
- WP3/2015(28) Marzena Starnawska
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Abstrakt: Entrepreneurial behavior in challenging institutional environments have been widely investigated in the literature. One of the characteristics of these environments is resource scarcity. This is particularly valid in the context of social entrepreneurship and social enterprises. The aim of this paper is to identify entrepreneurial behaviors in social entrepreneurship and what is happening behind these processes in the context of transition country, against the backdrop of challenging environment and weak institutional framework in particular in Poland. We use a purposive sample of 5 social cooperatives, and report the data from several in-depth interviews with their representatives as well as observation from the cooperatives. We have attempted to widen the existing categories on entrepreneurial behavior namely boundary blurring and diversification, and discuss them in social entrepreneurship context.
JEL: L31, L26, P13, D22, D02
Słowa kluczowe: social entrepreneurship, social enterprise, entrepreneurial behavior, social cooperatives, institutions
JEL: L31, L26, P13, D22, D02
Słowa kluczowe: social entrepreneurship, social enterprise, entrepreneurial behavior, social cooperatives, institutions
- WP2/2015(27) Ettore Bolisani, Enrico Scarso, Malgorzata Zieba
HOW TO DEAL WITH KNOWLEDGE IN SMALL COMPANIES? DEFINING EMERGENT KM APPROACH
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Abstrakt: This paper examines the concept of emergent KM approach in small companies. The origins of consideration are grounded in the theory of strategic management literature and in particular in the distinction between deliberate versus emergent approach towards strategic planning. Using the methodology of case study, we carried out an explorative research to analyse the characteristics of KM approach in two small companies located in Italy and Poland. Both companies appeared to follow emergent KM approach and therefore, a detailed analysis of this phenomenon was feasible. A description of the main features of an emergent KM approach is then proposed. On the basis of research results, implications for both managers and researchers are discussed.
JEL: L84, M1
Słowa kluczowe: knowledge management; KM; SMEs; ICT services providers; Italy; Poland
JEL: L84, M1
Słowa kluczowe: knowledge management; KM; SMEs; ICT services providers; Italy; Poland
- WP1/2015(26) Ewa Lechman
THE ‘TECHNOLOGICAL TAKE-OFF’ AND THE ‘CRITICAL MASS’. A TRIAL CONCEPTUALIZATION.
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Abstrakt: Similar to economic growth, the process of technology diffusion may well be approximated by easily distinguishable phases (stages). During the initial phase, the process of diffusion slows, whereas subsequently, under favourable circumstances, it accelerates and proceeds at an exponential growth rate, ultimately approaching relative stabilisation (maturity) when the growth rates gradually diminish. Following the proposed by Rostow (1956) conceptualization of the ‘take-off’, this work is a trial conceptualization of the concepts related to the technology diffusion process, namely – ‘technological take-off’ and the ‘critical mass’. It demonstrates the ‘step-by-step’ procedure of the identification of the ‘critical mass’, and the interval when the ‘technological take-off’ emerges. We propose the term ‘technological take-off’ and define it the time interval when the nature of the diffusion process is radically transformed due to shifting the rate of diffusion and forcing the transition from condition of stagnation into dynamic and self-sustaining growth (diffusion) of new technology; while the ‘critical penetration rate’ we define as the threshold that, once passed, provokes the diffusion to become self-perpetuating.
JEL: O3
Słowa kluczowe: technology, technology diffusion, critical mass, take-off
JEL: O3
Słowa kluczowe: technology, technology diffusion, critical mass, take-off
- WP7/2014(25) Ettore Bolisani, Enrico Scarso, Malgorzata Zieba
HOW SMALL KIBS COMPANIES MANAGE THEIR INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL? TOWARDS AN EMERGENT KM APPROACH
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Abstrakt: The growing interest in Intellectual Capital management and Knowledge Management is now reaching small companies, especially those in the Knowledge-Intensive Business Services (KIBS) sector. This paper aims to explore this issue, starting from the assumption that a planned and systematic approach to KM, as is used in large companies, is rarely applicable in small organizations. It is more likely that small companies adopt an approach to KM that could be defined as “emergent”, i.e. KM is not planned rationally and in advance, but emerges and is developed along with time. In the paper, the concept of emergent KM approach will be defined and discussed, and three research questions will be examined: a. Is it possible to detect an emergent KM approach in the practice of small KIBS? b. If so, why small KIBS companies follow an emergent KM approach? c. What particular features this approach can have in those companies? The study is based on the results of a qualitative survey involving several owners and managers of small companies operating in the KIBS sector. The survey uses the case study method, and gives grounds for a preliminary analysis of emergent KM approach is small companies offering KIBS. The findings confirm that it is easy to find small companies adopting an emergent approach to KM: in the analysed cases there were no formal KM plans, despite the fact that they have all introduced various KM practices. This shows that there can be the need to define KM approaches that better fit smaller companies.
JEL: L84, M1
Słowa kluczowe: Knowledge Management, KIBS, Emergent KM Approach, Case-study analysis
JEL: L84, M1
Słowa kluczowe: Knowledge Management, KIBS, Emergent KM Approach, Case-study analysis
- WP6/2014(24) Aleksandra Parteka, Joanna Wolszczak-Derlacz
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Abstrakt: This paper assesses the impact of international outsourcing/offshoring practices on the process of wage equalization across manufacturing sectors in a sample of EU27 economies (1995-2009). We discriminate between heterogeneous wage effects on different skill categories of workers (low, medium and high skill). The main focus is on the labour market outcomes of vertical integration, so we augment a model of conditional wage convergence through the inclusion of sector-specific broad and narrow outsourcing/offshoring indices based on input-output data (World Input Output Database, April 2012 release). Two-way relations between trade and wages are addressed through the use of a gravity-based sector-level instrument. We find no evidence supporting unconditional skill-specific wage convergence in EU sectors. In a conditional setting, (slow) wage convergence takes place, but international outsourcing plays a negligible role in wage equalization. Moreover, even though regression results indicate that offshoring reduces the wage growth of domestic medium- and low-skilled workers, we show that this negative effect is economically small.
JEL: F14, F16, F66, C67
Słowa kluczowe: wage, convergence, international outsourcing, offshoring, input-output
JEL: F14, F16, F66, C67
Słowa kluczowe: wage, convergence, international outsourcing, offshoring, input-output
- WP5/2014(23) Piotr Dominiak, Ewa Lechman, Anna Okonowicz
THE FERTILITY REBOUND AND ECONOMIC GROWTH. NEW EVIDENCE FOR 18 COUNTRIES OVER THE PERIOD 1970-2011.
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Abstrakt: The long-run impact of economic growth on total fertility trends is ambiguous and sensitive for in-time variations. Over last decades, economic growth has led in many countries to significant falls in total fertility rates. However, in recent years, in high-income economies a kind of "fertility rebound" is revealed (Goldstein 2009; Luci and Thevenon, 2010; Day 2012). The concept of fertility rebound supports the hypothesis that reversal trends in total fertility rates are mainly attributed to economic growth. The paper unveils the relationship between total fertility rate changes and economic growth in 18 selected countries with fertility rebound observed, over the period 1970-2011. We anticipate uncovering U-shaped impact of economic growth on total fertility rate. To report on the relationship we deploy longitudinal data analysis assuming non-linearity between examined variables. Data applied are exclusive derived from World Development Indicators 2013. Our main findings support the hypothesis on U-shaped relationship between total fertility rate and economic growth in analyzed countries in 1970-2011. Along with the previous we project the threshold level of GDP per capita when the fertility rebound takes place.
JEL: J11, O10, C23
Słowa kluczowe: fertility rate, fertility rebound, economic growth, panel data analysis
JEL: J11, O10, C23
Słowa kluczowe: fertility rate, fertility rebound, economic growth, panel data analysis
- WP4/2014(22) Bruno Schivinski, Dariusz Dąbrowski
THE CONSUMER-BASED BRAND EQUITY INVENTORY: SCALE CONSTRUCT AND VALIDATION
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Abstrakt: The present study aims to meet the need for a refinement of the consumer-based brand equity scale and to address the limitations of the previous research on the subject. Based on previous measurements of brand equity, CBBE is conceptualized in this study as a four-dimensional model consisting of brand awareness, brand association, perceived quality, and brand loyalty. A sample of 1874 Polish consumers was used to test the proposed dimensions. To measure the construct, we used a combination of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses employing structural equation modeling in 12 product categories and across 24 brands. Additionally, for the purpose of cross-validation, we tested the framework for the factorial invariance of instrument scores. The results of our research support the hypothesized four-factor CBBE model. Moreover, the subscales designed to measure the construct operate equivalently across different product categories, which allows the meaningful comparison of scores and a wider empirical application.
JEL: M30, M31, Y1
Słowa kluczowe: consumer-based brand equity; brand awareness; brand associations; perceived quality; brand loyalty
JEL: M30, M31, Y1
Słowa kluczowe: consumer-based brand equity; brand awareness; brand associations; perceived quality; brand loyalty
- WP3/2014(21) Ewa Lechman
FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH– RE-EXAMINATION OF U-SHAPED CURVE
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Abstrakt: The paper contributes by providing new insights into the relationship between female labor force and economic growth in 162 countries over the period 1990-2012. We anticipate uncovering U-shaped impact of economic growth on female labor force. To examine the previous we deploy longitudinal data analysis assuming non-linearity between variables. Our main findings support the hypothesis on U-shaped relationship between female labor force participation and economic growth, however high cross-country variability on the field is evident.
JEL: J21, O10, O50
Słowa kluczowe: female labor force, women, economic growth, U-shaped curve, panel data
JEL: J21, O10, O50
Słowa kluczowe: female labor force, women, economic growth, U-shaped curve, panel data
- WP2/2014(20) Ewa Lechman, Adam Marszk
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Abstrakt: The paper unveils whether ICT diffusion determines development of financial innovation in emerging economies. Particularly, we examine the impact of ICT adoption on changing values of exchange traded funds in Brazil and Mexico, comparing it to the United States as reference country (benchmark). Our methodological framework includes descriptive statistics, logistic growth models (used to estimate ETFs growth) and generalized linear models (used to check for relationship between ICT adoption and ETFs value). In each case we run country-specific estimates. Data on ICT adoption (approximated by Internet Users and Fixed Broadband Subscriptions) are exclusively derived from World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database 2012 (16th edition), and exchange traded funds from funds' providers and reports published by BlackRock. Analysis period is set for 2000-2012. Empirical findings collectively conclude that in all three countries, growth of ICT was pervasive, and this was accompanied by fast development of exchange traded funds in Mexico and in the United States, measured by increases in assets under management. Moreover, in the period 2002-2012 Mexico has caught up with the United States in terms of ETFs share in total investment funds (sum of assets of ETFs and mutual funds). In Brazil, even though ETFs growth rates were high, in 2012 share of ETFs in investment funds remained at a relatively lower level of 0.17%. Additionally, the relationship between ICT adoption and ETFs development was reported as strong, positive and statistically significant in each of analyzed countries.
JEL: G11, G23, O16, O33, O57
Słowa kluczowe: emerging markets, ICT, ETFs
JEL: G11, G23, O16, O33, O57
Słowa kluczowe: emerging markets, ICT, ETFs
- WP1/2014(19) Mariusz Kaszubowski, Joanna Wolszczak-Derlacz
SALARY AND RESERVATION WAGE GENDER GAPS IN POLISH ACADEMIA
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Abstrakt: By using unique web-survey data, this paper assesses the gender wage gap in Polish academia. We conduct a detailed study of the gender gap considering monthly salaries and reservation wages. The study involves regression analysis, Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition of mean wage differentials and decomposition of differences in distributions using quintile regression. The results from the Oaxaca-Blinder wage decomposition imply that differences in total salary are mostly due to academic rank. For reservation wages there is evidence of a mean residual gap of 10%. In addition, both differences in raw salary and the reservation wage between females and males are more pronounced at the top of the distribution.
JEL: J16, J31, J71
Słowa kluczowe: gender wage gap, reservation wage, higher education
JEL: J16, J31, J71
Słowa kluczowe: gender wage gap, reservation wage, higher education
- WP18/2013(18) Ewa Lechman
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Abstrakt: In economic theory, technology is treated as crucial factor contributing significantly to economic development. In seminal works of Schumpeter [1934, 1947], Baumol [1986], Gerschenkron [1962] or Abramovitz [1986], the emphasis on the role of technological progress in process of economic development is put extensively. Along with the previous, there emerged theoretical and empirical works on technology diffusion (i.e. Rogers 1962, Geroski 2000), where the dynamics of the process is considered. Temporarily, the spread on new information and communication technologies (ICTs) is massive. The objectives of the study are twofold. Using panel data we analyze the diffusion trajectories of ICTs in developing countries, and we assess the dynamics of the process. Secondly, we hypothesize on existence quantitative links between ICTs adoption and economic development. The time framework is set for period 2000-2011. Statistical data are derived from World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database 2012, World Development Indicators 2013 and Human Development Report 2013.
JEL: O10, O33, O57
Słowa kluczowe: ICTs, diffusion, economic development, developing countries, S-shaped curve
JEL: O10, O33, O57
Słowa kluczowe: ICTs, diffusion, economic development, developing countries, S-shaped curve
- WP17/2013(17) Ewa Lechman
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Abstrakt: Extraordinary spread of new information and communication (ICTs) technologies has been recognized worldwide. ICTs are broadly perceived as tools facilitating economic growth and development, especially in economically backward countries. They are relatively easy and cheap to adopt, require minimum skills for effective usage, bringing opportunities for disadvantaged societies. They enable education, knowledge dissemination and sharing, processing and storing all kinds of information. At a time, existence of extend causal relationships between technology diffusion and general economy performance is highly probable. The paper seeks for empirical evidence in existing quantitative links between process of information and communication technologies (ICTs) adoption and dynamics of economic growth and development in Latin American countries. Preliminary we consider ICTs diffusion patterns in Latin American countries, approximating the diffusion process by S-shaped curves and estimating essential parameters of the curves. Afterwards, adopting a bundle of statistical and econometrical tools we aim to detect: if there is any quantitative relationship between ICTs adoption dynamics and economic growth and development; and we wish to estimate to what extend ICTs contribute to economic growth and development. We hypothesize on existing statistically significant and strong links between the two issues. For the analytical purposes, we use panel data for Latin American economies, in the time framework 1990-2011. All necessary data are derived from World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database 2012 (16th edition) and World Development Indicators 2012.
JEL: F43, O10, O33, O54
Słowa kluczowe: new technology, economic development, economic growth, Latin America, cross-country study
JEL: F43, O10, O33, O54
Słowa kluczowe: new technology, economic development, economic growth, Latin America, cross-country study
- WP16/2013(16) Magdalena Olczyk
LISBON STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION IN12 NEW EU MEMBERS – MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL INDICATORS
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Abstrakt: The aim of this article is to identify diversity between the EU-15 and the New Members in their implementation of the Lisbon Strategy in the period 2000-2010. By analyzing a set of structural indicators, we aim to fill a gap in the literature: a lack of publications providing complex evaluation of the implementation of the Lisbon Strategy using measurable indicators. The results of our analyses confirm the hypothesis of a large gap between the EU-15 countries and the 12 New Members in key areas of the Lisbon Strategy. According to rankings given by our taxonomic analyses, a high level of the indicators selected is confirmed only for the EU-15 countries and only three New Members belong to a group presenting the average level of these indicators. This study demonstrates a need for a significant intensification of the EU cohesion policy, which is one of the main tools for achieving the Lisbon Strategy goals.
JEL: C00, E60, O52, P11
Słowa kluczowe: Lisbon Strategy, Lisbon targets, European Union, multivariate analysis, structural indicators
JEL: C00, E60, O52, P11
Słowa kluczowe: Lisbon Strategy, Lisbon targets, European Union, multivariate analysis, structural indicators
- WP15/2013(15) Aleksandra Parteka, Massimo Tamberi
PRODUCT DIVERSIFICATION, RELATIVE SPECIALISATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: IMPORT-EXPORT ANALYSIS
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Abstrakt: This paper contributes to trade diversification literature by comparing changes in relative (i.e. assessed in comparison with world patterns) heterogeneity of import and export structures in the process of economic development. In particular, by focusing on the diversification of imports, we add a missing piece to already analysed export trends. We use highly disaggregated trade statistics (4963 product lines) for 163 countries (1988-2010) and find that, despite differences in levels (imports being typically more diversified than exports, particularly at lower stages of economic development), they follow a similar path of evolution in the development process. Progressing relative diversification (despecialisation) of both import and export structures accompanies economic growth, while re-specialisation is plausible only in case of few specific countries (very rich, small ones, abundant in oil/petrol). We also show that even though while diversifying countries increase the degree of import-export similarity in terms of product categories, imported and exported goods differ in terms of within-product characteristics.
JEL: F14, O11
Słowa kluczowe: diversification, specialisation, trade, economic development
JEL: F14, O11
Słowa kluczowe: diversification, specialisation, trade, economic development
- WP14/2013(14) Krzysztof Leja, Emilia Nagucka
CREATIVE DESTRUCTION OF THE UNIVERSITY.
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Abstrakt: Authors take the issue of change in the modern university. Assuming that the objective of the university is, in addition to the mass education, training the elite of intellectual entrepreneurs (Kwiatkowski, 2000; Kwiatkowski, Sadlak, 2003) - prospective leaders of the knowledge-based society, it is proposed the creative destruction of the university organization, the essence of which is to move the axis of the basic organizational units of the university, such as departments, into teams, and coordination axis of the university move into units. The proposal is embedded in the Schumpeter's idea of creative destruction (Schumpeter, 1960), and refers to the Burton Clark's concept of the entrepreneurial university (Clark, 1998, 2004), the concept of ambidextrous organization (March, 1991, Tushman, O'Reilly III, 1996; Birkinshaw, Gibson, 2004), third generation university by Johan Wissema (2009) and the concept of the knowledge-based university, using the paradigm of knowledge-based organization (Leja, 2011). Additionally, the paper presents the necessary conditions of the proposed change, and the risk associated with it. Authors try to prove, using Gareth Morgan's metaphors (2001, 2005), that the proposed change is the transition from mechanistic - organism university to the university described by metaphors of organisms and self-organization.
JEL: D23, D83, I23
Słowa kluczowe: creative destruction; ambidextrous organization; Schumpeter; university; Morgan
JEL: D23, D83, I23
Słowa kluczowe: creative destruction; ambidextrous organization; Schumpeter; university; Morgan
- WP13/2013(13) Ewa Lechman, Anna Okonowicz
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Abstrakt: A kind of gender revolution is passing through various countries in various continents. By being offered free access to educational infrastructure, women become better educated, improve their skills and capabilities, gain possibilities to enter the labour market and use financial resources to start up their own businesses. All these bring women to play a role on the labour market and significantly contribute to overall socio-economic development. The women entrepreneurship unfolds various kinds of endowments concerning economic possibilities in wealth creation. The main scope of the paper is to identify and assess the role of gender equity and uniquely women entrepreneurship in the process of socio-economic development. Implying a set of variables, treated as proxies of gender equality and women entrepreneurship, we estimate their coherence with socio-economic development. In the empirical part, we use a cross-country panel data, for 83 economies, which are derived from World Development Indicators 2012 database International Monetary Fund World Economic Outlook Database April 2013. The time coverage is set for 1990-2011.
JEL: J16, J24, O15
Słowa kluczowe: gender equity, women entrepreneurship, gender gap, economic development
JEL: J16, J24, O15
Słowa kluczowe: gender equity, women entrepreneurship, gender gap, economic development
- WP12/2013(12) Bruno Schivinski, Dariusz Dąbrowski
THE EFFECT OF SOCIAL-MEDIA COMMUNICATION ON CONSUMER PERCEPTIONS OF BRANDS
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Abstrakt: Researchers and brand managers have limited understanding of the effects of firm-created and user-generated social media communication on brand equity, brand attitude, and purchase intention. Thus, we investigated 504 Facebook users using a standardized online survey across Poland. To test the proposed model, we analyzed 60 brands across three different industries: non-alcoholic beverages, clothing, and mobile operators. In the data analysis, we applied the structural equation modeling technique. The results of our empirical studies showed that user-generated social media communication had a positive influence on brand equity and brand attitude. In addition, the analysis indicated that firm-created social media communication affected only brand attitude. Both brand equity and brand attitude showed a positive influence on purchase intention. Moreover, measurement invariance was assessed using a multi-group structural modeling equation. The findings revealed that the proposed model was invariant across the researched industries.
JEL: M31; M39; D83
Słowa kluczowe: social-media; brand equity; brand attitude; purchase intention; Facebook
JEL: M31; M39; D83
Słowa kluczowe: social-media; brand equity; brand attitude; purchase intention; Facebook
- WP11/2013(11) Ewa Lechman
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Abstrakt: Poverty – differently defined and measured – still remains one the crucial parts of the world development debate. It`s broadly perceived as multidimensional phenomenon which deprives people from basic capabilities and freedoms, limits their opportunity to educate and fully participate in the labor market contributing to overall country`s socio-economic performance. Referring to seminal works of Sen and many others(see e.g. Morris 1979; Sen 1985, 1992; Desai 1991; Ravallion 1993), we present an specific approach to poverty issues, treating low incomes as consequence – not a cause – of poverty. The main target of the work is twofold. Firstly we aim to develop a new complex measure of relative poverty to set the most recent worldwide poverty estimates. For this purpose we deploy methods based on fuzzy sets (e.g. see works of Zadeh 1965; Dubois&Prade 1980; Bérenger&Verdier-Chouchane 2006), and we apply a wide array of non-income indicators (proxies) explaining level of socio-economic development. Following the logic of fuzzy sets theory, we explain poverty as deprivation from – for example – access to education or improved drinking water. Secondly, we run an analysis on disaggregated data, tracking for factors which contribute mostly to the level of poverty in different countries. Such approach let us to detect most backward areas of human development which shall be in the centre of interest of policy makers. All data applied in the estimates are derived from World Development Indicators Database 2012. The sample covers 144 world economies, and the set time framework is 1990-2010.
JEL: I32, O15
Słowa kluczowe: poverty, fuzzy sets, deprivation, comparative economics
JEL: I32, O15
Słowa kluczowe: poverty, fuzzy sets, deprivation, comparative economics
- WP10/2013(10) Aleksandra Parteka
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Abstrakt: This paper presents empirical evidence on the diversification process concerning Polish exports (1994-2010), compared to European and global samples of countries. It analyzes both the commodity structure of Polish trade and the geographical diversification of Poland’s trading partners. The analysis draws on highly disaggregated data on exports (HS 6digit) and combines descriptive analysis with non-parametric, semi-parametric and parametric estimation models. The results suggest that Poland (exporting 84% of all goods present in the sample) can be placed among countries with well-diversified export products. In terms of geographical diversification, Poland exploits approximately one-fifth of its theoretical overall market reach potential (the best score among new member states) and the diversification of its partner countries increased in the period analyzed. The Polish export portfolio, in terms of the variety of both its products and receiving markets, is more diversified than what is typical for countries at approximately the same stage of economic development.
JEL: F14, F41, O11
Słowa kluczowe: diversification, trade, export, Poland
JEL: F14, F41, O11
Słowa kluczowe: diversification, trade, export, Poland
- WP9/2013(9) Ewa Lechman
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Abstrakt: In the paper we run an exhaustive study of the magnitude socio-economic exclusion which affects large parts of societies in European countries. Social and economic exclusion – alternatively called as deprivation – are widely recognized as symptoms of human poverty. This implies obstacles in gaining full and free access to education, professional health care, finance, or i.e. labor market, resulting in substantial lack of skills, capabilities and functionings (see Sen 1986). All these disable effective usage and allocation of resources, which constitutes a significant hindrance for economic development of countries. The aim of the analysis is to identify the magnitude of socio-economic deprivation (human poverty) and confront if with the economic development level (approximated by gross domestic product per capita) and dynamics in European countries. For quantitative assessment of the socio-economic deprivation level we apply a bundle of arbitrary chosen indicator derived from EUROSTAT databases. The sample covers European Union economies – with special focus on Baltic Sea region countries, and the time span for the analysis is 2004-2011.
JEL: O11, I0, I32
Słowa kluczowe: social exclusion, economic exclusion, deprivation, poverty, economic development
JEL: O11, I0, I32
Słowa kluczowe: social exclusion, economic exclusion, deprivation, poverty, economic development
- WP8/2013(8) Aleksandra Parteka
TRADE DIVERSITY AND STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT - EVIDENCE ON EU COUNTRIES
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Abstrakt: The paper presents the dynamics of trade diversity with respect to stages of development in the European context. The analysis focuses on EU27 countries observed across the years 1988-2010 and compared to a sample of 136 international economies at all levels of income per capita. We use product level statistics (six digit HS0) and confront export and import patterns of absolute diversification/concentration. The results show that in line with ‘stages of diversification’ approach (Imbs and Wacziarg, 2003), EU27 countries are characterized by high degree of trade diversity (on average, EU27 countries export 78% and import 90% of goods effectively exported and imported at the world level) and within the analyzed period most of them registered a reconcentration of trade structures. Obtained estimation results confirm positive relationship between trade diversity and economic development levels (conditional mainly upon the size of the country) with a possibility of reconcentration at higher stages of development (observable in nonparametric estimates).
JEL: F14, O11, O52
Słowa kluczowe: diversification, concentration, trade, economic development
JEL: F14, O11, O52
Słowa kluczowe: diversification, concentration, trade, economic development
- WP7/2013(7) Malgorzata Zieba
KNOWLEDGE-INTENSIVE BUSINESS SERVICES (KIBS) AND THEIR ROLE IN THE KNOWLEDGE-BASED ECONOMY
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Abstrakt: The development of knowledge-intensive business services in recent decades can be interpreted as one of the indicators of a transformation from an industrial economy into a knowledge-based one. Not only do quantitative measures, whether in the form of sales or employment figures (e.g. Chadwick, Glasson and Lawton Smith, 2008), undoubtedly show the expansion of these services; but also their characteristics make it clear that they significantly affect the formation and spread of knowledge throughout the economy. This article presents an analysis of the KIBS sector based on a literature review. In the first section, it presents the issues connected with defining and categorizing KIBS. In the second one, it shows the significance of this type of service, highlighting its influence on the innovativeness of the companies which it serves. The third section consists of a detailed review of the literature devoted to research on KIBS.
JEL: L84, O33
Słowa kluczowe: knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS), innovation, knowledge
JEL: L84, O33
Słowa kluczowe: knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS), innovation, knowledge
- WP6/2013(6) Joanna Wolszczak-Derlacz
THE IMPACT OF GENDER WAGE GAP ON SECTORAL ECONOMIC GROWTH – CROSS-COUNTRY APPROACH
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Abstrakt: We propose an empirical analysis of testing the relationship between gender wage gap and economic growth. The study takes into account 12 manufacturing sectors in 18 OECD countries for the period between 1970 and 2005.We use industrial statistics (EU KLEMS, 2008) on female and male wages that distinguish between wages paid to different groups of workers classified according to skill level: high, medium and low. We estimate augmented production function where the male-female wage differentials constitute a potential channel influencing growth (positively or negatively). Our research is motivated by the ambiguous results of previous empirical studies (e.g.: Seguiono, 2000; Busse and Spielmann, 2006; Seguino, 2011; Schober and Winter-Ebmer, 2011). Our main findings indicate that gender wage gap for high, medium and low-skilled workers is negatively correlated with sectoral growth. At the same time we confirmed the positive role of trade and human capital. The results are confirmed in number of robustness checks.
JEL: J16, J31, F43
Słowa kluczowe: gender wage gap, economic growth, manufacturing sectors
JEL: J16, J31, F43
Słowa kluczowe: gender wage gap, economic growth, manufacturing sectors
- WP5/2013(5) Ewa Lechman
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Abstrakt: In recent years, enormous changes are noted worldwide when broad adoption of new Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). These unique technologies – often perceived as economic development incentives – have a great ability to spread at high pace and low cost in world countries, bringing to people opportunities to contribute to economic development and growth. New Technologies play a special role in developing countries, where their in-country adoption lies in the centre of development strategies. ICTs are treated as tools which bring to people access to information, education and knowledge, offering unlimited possibilities for wealth-creation. The paper, purely empirical in nature, reports on the pace of adoption of new Information and Communication Technologies in developing countries, and – additionally – investigates country-specific ICTs diffusion patterns. We expect to uncover the S-shape curve in the diffusion process in most of developing countries, as well as in the whole country sample. For the analysis purposes we apply all counties, which – according to the World Bank nomenclature – are classified as low-income and lower-middle-income economies. Our sample covers 46 countries (upper-middle-income and high-income economies are excluded from the study purposely), which are classified as developing economies. The time framework is set for the period of 2000-2011. All data necessary for the analysis are derived from World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database 2012 (16th edition).
JEL: O11, O33, O57
Słowa kluczowe: Information and Communication Technologies, adoption patterns, technology diffusion, S-shaped curve, developing countries
JEL: O11, O33, O57
Słowa kluczowe: Information and Communication Technologies, adoption patterns, technology diffusion, S-shaped curve, developing countries
- WP4/2013(4) Bruno Schivinski, Dariusz Dąbrowski
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Abstrakt: Companies are now using social networking sites, such as Facebook, to enhance their brand communication and to promote and disseminate their product information among consumers. Such brands as Coca-Cola, Converse, and Starbucks reach millions of people through their social media communication; however, companies do not have complete control over this phenomenon. Consumers actively “like” brands, comment on posts, share information and share their opinions with other people on the Internet. The purpose of this study is to fill the gaps in the discussion of the ways in which firm-created and user-generated social media communication techniques impact consumer-based brand dimensions through Facebook. Moreover, we studied brand purchase intentions to achieve a behavioral understanding of the influence of these two communication instruments. We evaluated 302 data sets that were generated through a standardized online-survey to investigate the impact of social media communication on brand equity metrics. We subsequently applied structural equation modeling techniques for data analysis. The results of our empirical studies showed that user-generated social media communication had a positive impact on two measures of consumer-based brand equity, which included brand loyalty and perceived brand quality. In addition, the analysis indicated that firm-created social media communication had no influence on consumers’ brand purchase intention. This study also offers valuable insights for brand managers and scholars.
JEL: M31, M39, D83
Słowa kluczowe: Social media; Facebook; Brand communication; Brand equity, Brand purchase intention
JEL: M31, M39, D83
Słowa kluczowe: Social media; Facebook; Brand communication; Brand equity, Brand purchase intention
- WP3/2013(3) Ewa Lechman
TECHNOLOGY CONVERGENCE AND DIGITAL DIVIDES. A COUNTRY-LEVEL EVIDENCE FOR THE PERIOD 2000-2010
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Abstrakt: The paper, mostly empirical in nature, investigates issues on cross-national new information and communication technologies (ICTs) adoption patterns and growth directions. In the period of 2000-2010, a great number of countries underwent substantial changes on the field of ICTs implementation. Many of them made a great "jump" starting with almost "zero level" of ICTs adoption in year 2000, and during the 10 – year period were implementing ICTs at astonishingly high pace. Despite the obvious positive impact that ICTs have on overall society and economy condition, rapid changes can also generate higher inequalities on the field. The paper focuses mainly on capturing these changes. It also aims to confirm or reject the hypothesis on growing inter-country inequalities in ICTs adoption. The target of the paper is twofold. Firstly, we explain the magnitude of past and present differences in digitalization level among countries; secondly, we concentrate digital technology convergence. We apply three approaches to convergence – q-convergence, σ-convergence and quantile-convergence (q-convergence), to check if relative division between countries was growing or diminishing in the time span 2000-2010. Additionally we check if countries of the given sample tend to form convergence clubs in the relevant years. The analysis is run for the sample consisted of 145 economies and the time coverage is 2000-2010. All data applied in the research are drawn from the International Telecommunication Union statistical databases.
JEL: C22, O11, O50, 033
Słowa kluczowe: technology, convergence, ICTs, quantile convergence, clusters, technology clubs
JEL: C22, O11, O50, 033
Słowa kluczowe: technology, convergence, ICTs, quantile convergence, clusters, technology clubs
- WP2/2013(2) Ewa Lechman
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Abstrakt: The study investigates disparities in social development in 144 countries worldwide. In the paper we aim to investigate cross-country differences in social development level in year 2011, as well as to estimate inequalities on the field. Secondly, we assess relative social development level differences – gaps (divides) among countries. For the analysis purposes, we apply: descriptive statistics analysis, Kernel Epanechnikov density (to check for world distribution of social welfare), inequality measure – Gini coefficient and square Euclidean distance (full linkages) method. The analysis sample encompasses 144 countries, and we mainly collect statistical data for the year 2011 (if available). The data applied in the study are derived from databases like: United Nations Millennium Development Goals Database; United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization; World Health Organization; International Human Development Indicators.
JEL: I0, I2, I3, O15, O50
Słowa kluczowe: social development, living standards, inequalities, Kernel distribution
JEL: I0, I2, I3, O15, O50
Słowa kluczowe: social development, living standards, inequalities, Kernel distribution
- WP1/2013(1) Aleksandra Parteka
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Abstrakt: The paper, mostly empirical in nature, investigates issues on cross-national new information and communication technologies (ICTs) adoption patterns and growth directions. In the period of 2000-2010, a great number of countries underwent substantial changes on the field of ICTs implementation. Many of them made a great "jump" starting with almost "zero level" of ICTs adoption in year 2000, and during the 10 – year period were implementing ICTs at astonishingly high pace. Despite the obvious positive impact that ICTs have on overall society and economy condition, rapid changes can also generate higher inequalities on the field. The paper focuses mainly on capturing these changes. It also aims to confirm or reject the hypothesis on growing inter-country inequalities in ICTs adoption. The target of the paper is twofold. Firstly, we explain the magnitude of past and present differences in digitalization level among countries; secondly, we concentrate digital technology convergence. We apply three approaches to convergence – q-convergence, σ-convergence and quantile-convergence (q-convergence), to check if relative division between countries was growing or diminishing in the time span 2000-2010. Additionally we check if countries of the given sample tend to form convergence clubs in the relevant years. The analysis is run for the sample consisted of 145 economies and the time coverage is 2000-2010. All data applied in the research are drawn from the International Telecommunication Union statistical databases.
JEL: C22, O11, O50, 033
Słowa kluczowe: technology, convergence, ICTs, quantile convergence, clusters, technology clubs
JEL: C22, O11, O50, 033
Słowa kluczowe: technology, convergence, ICTs, quantile convergence, clusters, technology clubs